Remember that Catholicism, like any religion, is very inculturated. Most of the things you ask about are matters of Catholic cultural life and so likely to be different in other countries. Many answers you've gotten are very specific to Anglo US Mainstream Catholicism.
Blessings are given to children, even adult children, by parents, grandparents, or godparents, making the sign of the cross on their forehead with one's thumb. I bless my children when I put them to bed or when I or they are about to leave home on a long trip.
Among Anglo Catholics in the US, wearing a rosary on one's neck is considered disrepectful; however in Texas, Hispanic men often wear them and it's not considered disrespectful. Many of us do try to pray the rosary daily.
Catholics are supposed to pray at regular times during the day, particularly at rising (the Morning Offering) and going to bed, and before (and sometimes after) meals. The Angelus prayer is prayed at morning, noon, and evening; our family prays it at noon. You can find standard forms of these prayers on-line.
It's hard to give a short explanation of these: Confirmation and the Eucharist (communion) are two of the seven sacraments, which are means given by Christ to the Church by which the faithful receive grace. Wikipedia is probably helpful.
The ages of Confirmation and first reception of the Eucharist vary greatly according to country. Bishops of a diocese set the guidelines, though most bishops follow the guidelines of their country's bishops' conference. In the US the usual age for first communion is about 7; however eastern rite Catholics in the US and elsewhere usually receive both sacraments, together with baptism, in infancy. Confirmation in the US is generally in the teen years, in some dioceses as late as 16. In Scotland, first communicants are confirmed also at the age of 7; so you might Google the ages in Ireland.
Most practicing Anglo Catholics in the US receive communion every time they go to mass. One is only to receive if one is in a state of grace (that is, has not committed any unconfessed mortal sins), has observed the pre-communion fast, and is in a fit state to receive (has made some spiritual preparation). Hispanic US Catholics are less likely to go forward automatically for communion when at mass; I gather this is the case in many other countries.
(ETA: On re-reading, this sounded judgmental. It's not meant to; it's just a cultural difference.)
Catholics can, and some do, receive communion daily.
You would receive communion for the last time as part of the Last Rites, a sacrament administered (hopefully) when a Catholic is near death.
Yes, and yes. Mass must be attended on all Sundays and holy days of obligation (like tomorrow!).
A Sunday mass will generally last anywhere from 45 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the longwindedness of the priest, the kind of mass, the patience of the congregation, and the tightness of the scheduling in a busy parish with lots of masses.
Probably English, but depending on the community, Spanish, Vietnamese, Korean, Tagalog, or even Latin.
Good for you for doing research. It's a big subject!