wuhan - coronavirus

[Pen]

14 minutes ago, square_25 said:

I would think they could do something two-pronged: provide childcare (using the youngest teachers) at school for those who really need it, keeping the kids well-separated, and send most kids home. Aren't they doing that somewhere? 

 

Not sure if it is actually being done anywhere.

But it is what I suggested to our district Superintendent and Governor in my letter (draft upthread ).

  I’d love to know if anyone is already doing that irl. 

[Arcadia]

1 minute ago, Pen said:

 

Not sure if it is actually being done anywhere.

But it is what I suggested to our district Superintendent and Governor in my letter (draft upthread ).

My county announced schools closing from  March 16th around noon today. The cancer center nurses were busy trying to find childcare. One of the local libraries has already announced closure from 6pm today until April so healthcare workers can’t use libraries as temporary childcare for kids older than 8 years old either.

[Pen]

19 minutes ago, square_25 said:

Well, I'm hoping they have some idea of what viral load is needed to infect a person ;-). When I was looking it up, people were claiming that this method of infection is rather unlikely. But perhaps they don't really know... 

Article conclusion (apology for the way the type size copied):

 

Quote (source credit cited in post upthread) :

Our results indicate that aerosol and fomite transmission of HCoV-19 are plausible, as the virus can remain viable and infectious in aerosols for multiple hours and on surfaces up to days. This echoes the experience with SARS-CoV-1, where these modes of transmission were associated with nosocomial spread and 

superspreading events, and provides guidance for pandemic mitigation measures.”

 

it

Edited March 14, 2020 by Pen

[mathnerd]

21 minutes ago, Arcadia said:

I was on caffeine deficit after my routine oncologist visit 😂

Costco is out of Sambucol and Emergen-C

@ArcadiaThank you for all the updates. I could not get into Costco today(parking mayhem), one TJ’s & Target near the airport was shut down due to major power outage, westgate TJ’s was out of vegetables, most frozen food, milk and all kinds of bread/tortilla etc. l remembered your post from yesterday and got everything I needed from Safeway!

[Sneezyone]

On a lighter note, anyone have some good lawn game recommendations? We’re gonna be at home but I’d like them to get some outside time. I was thinking badminton, croquet, corn hole?

Also, schools here are scheduled to be closed for two weeks but I’m fairly sure that’s just to buy time to get classes online. 2-3 months is closer to what was required in China and that will take us through the end of the school year. Would it be weird to sign my peeps up for DO self-paced math? They can continue that through the summer.

Edited March 14, 2020 by Sneezyone

[Arcadia]

@Pen @Pawz4me @mathnerd @MEmama @StellaM @Æthelthryth the Texan
 

https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3074988/coronavirus-some-recovered-patients-may-have

“Coronavirus: some recovered patients may have reduced lung function and are left gasping for air while walking briskly, Hong Kong doctors find

• Hospital Authority releases its findings after observing the first group of discharged coronavirus patients
• Some patients might have a drop of about 20 to 30 per cent in lung function, says medical director of Infectious Disease Centre at Princess Margaret Hospital”

 

[RootAnn]

29 minutes ago, happysmileylady said:

.Perhaps if you have the means and are concerned, set up a tub on your porch for delivery persons to leave boxes in, then you can just carry the boxes in (to avoid the porch pirates) while still covering it in an airtight container.  

Great idea. I'll probably just let ours sit, though. Packages should be fine on my porch for 24-60 hours. My neighbors might wonder why they are still there since we are obviously home, but since I live in Podunk NoWhere, we have more of a chance of misdelivery one house down or across than anyone stealing packages.

Well, unless the pkg is a big box of TP. Then, I'll put on gloves & move it to the garage

Apparently, the people here are catching on. The Dollar Store was out of all TP except the store brand according to guys at DH's work.

In other news, DH thinks he still has a week or so before he gets quarantined for work. Once they start hearing that other places (across the country) are not letting the workers go home, he'll start bringing his bag of necessities in the car.

[Ausmumof3]

Cases in Australia total is 200

91 in NSW

36 in Victoria

35 in Queensland

19 in South Australia

14 in Western Australia

4 in Tasmania

1 in ACT

 

not sure if this was shared already. Busy morning here sorry.  In good news lots of retail chains are going to pay any casual workers who need to self isolate which probably puts pressure on the rest.

[Ausmumof3]

Locally at least one kid didn’t shake hands after tennis today but went for the first bump.  I was glad mine wasn’t the only.  We did go to a fruit and veg market.  Hoping that wasn’t higher risk but thinking outdoor might be better anyway.  Still need to shop at some stage.  People were talking about it but some saying it won’t happen here due to different culture to Europe - others more concerned.

[Ausmumof3]

Just now, square_25 said:

Just saw a recommendation to avoid ALL play dates, so as to maximize the benefits of social distancing. 

Thinking rationally, that's probably a good idea, although of course it'll make my kids unhappy. What do you all think? 

If you’re in a peak area and you can find one family and agree with them not to do play dates with anyone else for a while it might give the kids some time with friends without massively increasing your risk

[itsheresomewhere]

31 minutes ago, Sneezyone said:

On a lighter note, anyone have some good lawn game recommendations? We’re gonna be at home but I’d like them to get some outside time. I was thinking badminton, croquet, corn hole?

Also, schools here are scheduled to be closed for two weeks but I’m fairly sure that’s just to buy time to get classes online. 2-3 months is closer to what was required in China and that will take us through the end of the school year. Would it be weird to sign my peeps up for DO self-paced math? They can continue that through the summer.

We have chalk spray paint.  You can do all kinds of games or fun decorating of the grass and concrete with it.  It wasn’t much for 4 cans on Amazon.  Might be great for an extra boredom buster.

[Ausmumof3]

1 hour ago, Where's Toto? said:

 

In addition, I saw that something like 150,000 kids in the NYC schools are homeless so it's not just meals but showers and laundry that they are getting at school.

I saw a tweet in Boston saying the council was putting a stay on evictions.  I’m not sure if it was confirmed or planning stages. It will be interesting if we now manage to feed and clothe people properly.

[Ausmumof3]

Just now, square_25 said:

Ooooof. How culture is going to help a virus not spread I do not know. 

They were talking about more shared/communal eating etc.

i think maybe there is some point about population density.  But given mobility and the culture around kids sports and activities maybe not.

[Ausmumof3]

5 hours ago, Pen said:

 

 

I agree.

 It looked like even healthy young doctors in China were having fatal cases, very possibly because of heavier viral load. 

 

There are reports of doctors dying in Italy also though no mention of the age. 

[Ausmumof3]

1 minute ago, square_25 said:

I think lower population density makes quarantines easier, but that requires all sorts of restrictions to happen first and extensive testing... 

So far, I've seen quite a few countries be complacent about their advantages. For example, the US was genuinely protected by the fact that it's not connected by land to the origin of the outbreak. What did we do with that? Pretty much nothing. We didn't develop tests. We didn't test all arrivals in the airport. We covered ears and said "Lalalala, it's not happening here!" 

So I worry about this sort of attitude :-/. It leads to too little, too late. 

In some ways it does but not in others.  I’d much prefer to be quarantined here with space than in an apartment.  But I can see how in China it makes grocery delivery situations etc possible.  
 

there is still suggestions that this may be spread through sewers and ventilation when aerosolised which is more of a risk with apartments.

[Arcadia]

@mathnerd

Santa Clara county
“We are very sorry to announce the 2nd death from #COVID19 in our county. The person who passed away was an adult woman in her 80s. We are saddened to share this news and expresses its condolences to her family. Read more: https://sccgov.org/sites/phd/news/Pages/second-covid-19-death.aspx””” “”””

[ikslo]

Nm

Edited March 14, 2020 by ikslo

[Ausmumof3]

1 hour ago, square_25 said:

Oh, goodness. I didn't even think of that. 

Can’t you just disinfect the outside leave for 10 then open?

[melmichigan]

4 minutes ago, ikslo said:

I received this in a work email that made the rounds - not sure how valid it is, but in line with the above, I guess

 

Subject: Important Information about Coronavirus





A few good tips I hadn’t heard before. “I got this from a friend of mine who’s brother is at the Stanford hospital board. This is their feedback for now on Corona virus: The new Coronavirus may not show sign of infection for many days. How can one know if he/she is infected? By the time they have fever and/or cough and go to the hospital, the lung is usually 50% Fibrosis and it's too late. Taiwan experts provide a simple self-check that we can do every morning. Take a deep breath and hold your breath for more than 10 seconds. If you complete it successfully without coughing, without discomfort, stiffness or tightness, etc., it proves there is no Fibrosis in the lungs, basically indicates no infection. In critical time, please self-check every morning in an environment with clean air. Serious excellent advice by Japanese doctors treating COVID-19 cases: Everyone should ensure your mouth & throat are moist, never dry. Take a few sips of water every 15 minutes at least. Why? Even if the virus gets into your mouth, drinking water or other liquids will wash them down through your throat and into the stomach. Once there, your stomach acid will kill all the virus. If you don't drink enough water more regularly, the virus can enter your windpipe and into the lungs. That's very dangerous. Please send and share this with family and friends. Take care everyone and may the world recover from this Coronavirus soon. IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT - CORONAVIRUS 1. If you have a runny nose and sputum, you have a common cold 2. Coronavirus pneumonia is a dry cough with no runny nose. 3. This new virus is not heat-resistant and will be killed by a temperature of just 26/27 degrees. It hates the Sun. 4. If someone sneezes with it, it takes about 10 feet before it drops to the ground and is no longer airborne. 5. If it drops on a metal surface it will live for at least 12 hours - so if you come into contact with any metal surface - wash your hands as soon as you can with a bacterial soap. 6. On fabric it can survive for 6-12 hours. normal laundry detergent will kill it. 7. Drinking warm water is effective for all viruses. Try not to drink liquids with ice. 8. Wash your hands frequently as the virus can only live on your hands for 5-10 minutes, but - a lot can happen during that time - you can rub your eyes, pick your nose unwittingly and so on. 9. You should also gargle as a prevention. A simple solution of salt in warm water will suffice. 10. Can't emphasis enough - drink plenty of water! THE SYMPTOMS 1. It will first infect the throat, so you'll have a sore throat lasting 3/4 days 2. The virus then blends into a nasal fluid that enters the trachea and then the lungs, causing pneumonia. This takes about 5/6 days further. 3. With the pneumonia comes high fever and difficulty in breathing. 4. The nasal congestion is not like the normal kind. You feel like you're drowning. It's imperative you then seek immediate attention. SPREAD THE WORD - PLEASE SHARE."

 

This is showing false on all fact checkers.

 

[Sneezyone]

20 minutes ago, square_25 said:

Just saw a recommendation to avoid ALL play dates, so as to maximize the benefits of social distancing. 

Thinking rationally, that's probably a good idea, although of course it'll make my kids unhappy. What do you all think? 

DD literally just asked me if she could go to a friend’s house to prep him for cheer tryouts. NO! WHADDYO MEAN!! Everyone is getting together! I’m supposed to go dress shopping with C (different kid) on Sunday!! A) that defeats the purpose of the school closure and B) school closures will probably extend beyond the end of the month and C) this kid is supposed to move this summer!! Although he may be stuck here for a while, who knows. I told her I’d film her moves or hook up my tripod and they can FaceTime and train at the same time. Teens.

Edited March 14, 2020 by Sneezyone

[ikslo]

1 minute ago, square_25 said:

Is this true? Does the infection immediately move to the lungs, so you can be sure if you're clear if your lungs are fine? 

I was just hoping someone would say it is BS, because it sounds horrible

[ikslo]

1 minute ago, melmichigan said:

This is showing false on all fact checkers.

 

I’ve been feeling sick all week so I honestly didn’t check

[Ausmumof3]

8 hours ago, SKL said:

I'm really worried about the no visitor policy in nursing homes.  They should find some way to make it possible.  I fear people will die or be permanently damaged from the lack of contact with loved ones.

Face time.  
I think this is necessary but so stressful especially with dementia patients.  
 

 

[Sneezyone]

3 minutes ago, ikslo said:

I was just hoping someone would say it is BS, because it sounds horrible

the classic/most definitive symptom of this is damaged, patchy lungs. All of the docs are saying it goes for the lungs first.

Edited March 14, 2020 by Sneezyone

[ikslo]

Nm

[Spryte]

5 minutes ago, Ausmumof3 said:

Can’t you just disinfect the outside leave for 10 then open?

I hope so.

We did our last big Instacart order today.  We used the Leave on Porch option.

DH and and I wore gloves and literally lysol sprayed everything that we could.  We then threw away the bags and boxes, and our gloves in the outside trash.  We waited till the spray dried to bring things in.  Leaving it out would have meant a field day for the raccoons.

We did not have any fresh produce, everything was packaged.

Honestly, I felt a little crazy doing it, but hopefully it worked.

[gardenmom5]

6 minutes ago, square_25 said:

Is this true? Does the infection immediately move to the lungs, so you can be sure if you're clear if your lungs are fine? 

this attacks the lungs.  

[Sneezyone]

Just now, square_25 said:

But that's not what happens in mild cases, is it? 

yes. It shows up on CT scans even if the symptoms are mild.

[Ausmumof3]

Just now, square_25 said:

But that's not what happens in mild cases, is it? 

Even with what are classified as mild cases apparently there’s a fair amount of pneumonia.  According to one thing I saw anyway.  Mild meant no needing breathing support or hospitalisation.

[Arcadia]

15 minutes ago, Ausmumof3 said:

There are reports of doctors dying in Italy also though no mention of the age. 

https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-03-11-20-intl-hnk/h_8b5cfc77b5c69d3dfb40d70a9b3f426c
“Italy’s medical community is mourning the death of the head of the medical association in the northern Italian region of Varese, Italy’s state-run ANSA reported Wednesday.

Roberto Stella, president of the Medical Guild of Varese, died Tuesday night in Como, where the 67-year-old was hospitalized for respiratory failure due to coronavirus, the agency reported.

In a statement, Italy’s National Federation of Doctors and General Practitioners mourned Stella’s death, highlighting his contributions on a national level. They added that they hope the government will take notice of the dangers Italian doctors and nurses are facing.

“He was the example of the capability and hard work of family doctors,” said Silvestro Scotti, national secretary of the federation, said in a statement released Wednesday.

“His death represents the outcry of all colleagues who still today are not equipped with the proper individual protection needed."

Stella was a well-respected general practitioner both at the local and national level.”

[Sneezyone]

Not only does this attack the lungs but the most troubling consequences are often sudden onset.

[Sneezyone]

Just now, square_25 said:

Whoa. Is there permanent damage in that case, do people know? 

 I don’t think this is yet known.

[mlktwins]

1 minute ago, Spryte said:

I hope so.

We did our last big Instacart order today.  We used the Leave on Porch option.

DH and and I wore gloves and literally lysol sprayed everything that we could.  We then threw away the bags and boxes, and our gloves in the outside trash.  We waited till the spray dried to bring things in.  Leaving it out would have meant a field day for the raccoons.

We did not have any fresh produce, everything was packaged.

Honestly, I felt a little crazy doing it, but hopefully it worked.

Smart!  And I won’t be ordering any fresh fruit or veggies.  All canned or frozen at this point.

[Arcadia]

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51852320
“Another 188 people died over 24 hours.

However, Mr Di Maio told the BBC the measures imposed in the first area of the outbreak were proving effective.

Two weeks after the first 10 towns in northern Italy were declared a "red zone" and put under lockdown, he said they had no new infections. 

This then served as a model to tighten measures across the country. 

Italy has now seen 1,016 deaths, amid a total number 15,113 infections. Civil protection officials say 1,258 have recovered, although the number of cases has gone up by 2,651 since Wednesday. Italy is the world's worst-hit country after China.

"Italy was the first nation in Europe to be affected so badly," said Mr Di Maio. "But I hope it also means that Italy is the first one to leave the emergency behind."

Movement has been limited to urgent medical or professional need. All shops are now closed, except for pharmacies and those stocking food; companies have been ordered to shut non-essential departments; a wide range of venues - from theatres to schools and hairdressers to museums - are closed.

"Our grandfathers were drafted to go to war; we're being asked to stay at home," said Mr Di Maio.

"If a doctor and a nurse can work for 24 hours non-stop, we can give up leaving our own home. The huge majority of citizens are respecting the rules. Those who aren't will face sanctions: either fines or criminal charges."

Italian authorities say it could take two weeks for the impact of the restrictions to be seen on the coronavirus outbreak nationwide, which is still surging in towns and cities outside the initial red zone. 

It is placing exceptional strain on Italy's healthcare system - one of the best in Europe.

The government has named a new commissioner to deal with the virus, Domenico Arcuri. He will co-ordinate the programme to resupply hospitals with equipment they urgently need. 

As the outbreak in China begins to ease, the government in Beijing is sending Italy teams of specialist doctors and supplies.

"We need oxygen units, and we have started production with factories that produce them or others that can adapt to start producing them," said Mr Di Maio. "We're in contact with countries across the world, many of them are willing to supply us with equipment."

But, he says, the purchase of medical supplies should be organised at a pan-European level, with a single unit to resupply hospitals and clinics.”

[Arcadia]

(paywalled, 3 free articles per month) https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/diagnostics/rapid-portable-tests-coronavirus-news

“Yet some companies have faced delays as they await government approval for testing or commercialization. On 29 February, the U.S. government finally released new rules that speed the approval process for new diagnostic tests, which may help the field move forward.

“The big benefit of our test over the traditional molecular PCR test is speed, and also that it can be deployed at point-of-care,” says Kent Lupino, director of marketing at BioMedomics, which has a rapid COVID-19 test currently being used in China and Europe. The test detects the body’s immune response to the virus from a few drops of blood in 15 minutes. The company is in the process of seeking approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for emergency use.

Jiangsu Medomics, the China-based sister company of BioMedomics, has already sold nearly 500,000 of the rapid tests in China, where they are being used at doctor’s offices, hospitals, and screening checkpoints, such as train stations and airports, says Lupino. The company does, however, recommend that a positive result from their rapid test be confirmed with a PCR test. BioMedomics currently has capacity to produce a million tests per week and could expand quickly, says Lupino.”

[Ausmumof3]

31 minutes ago, Arcadia said:

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51852320
“Another 188 people died over 24 hours.

However, Mr Di Maio told the BBC the measures imposed in the first area of the outbreak were proving effective.

Two weeks after the first 10 towns in northern Italy were declared a "red zone" and put under lockdown, he said they had no new infections. 

This then served as a model to tighten measures across the country. 

Italy has now seen 1,016 deaths, amid a total number 15,113 infections. Civil protection officials say 1,258 have recovered, although the number of cases has gone up by 2,651 since Wednesday. Italy is the world's worst-hit country after China.

"Italy was the first nation in Europe to be affected so badly," said Mr Di Maio. "But I hope it also means that Italy is the first one to leave the emergency behind."

Movement has been limited to urgent medical or professional need. All shops are now closed, except for pharmacies and those stocking food; companies have been ordered to shut non-essential departments; a wide range of venues - from theatres to schools and hairdressers to museums - are closed.

"Our grandfathers were drafted to go to war; we're being asked to stay at home," said Mr Di Maio.

"If a doctor and a nurse can work for 24 hours non-stop, we can give up leaving our own home. The huge majority of citizens are respecting the rules. Those who aren't will face sanctions: either fines or criminal charges."

Italian authorities say it could take two weeks for the impact of the restrictions to be seen on the coronavirus outbreak nationwide, which is still surging in towns and cities outside the initial red zone. 

It is placing exceptional strain on Italy's healthcare system - one of the best in Europe.

The government has named a new commissioner to deal with the virus, Domenico Arcuri. He will co-ordinate the programme to resupply hospitals with equipment they urgently need. 

As the outbreak in China begins to ease, the government in Beijing is sending Italy teams of specialist doctors and supplies.

"We need oxygen units, and we have started production with factories that produce them or others that can adapt to start producing them," said Mr Di Maio. "We're in contact with countries across the world, many of them are willing to supply us with equipment."

But, he says, the purchase of medical supplies should be organised at a pan-European level, with a single unit to resupply hospitals and clinics.”

Good news that the lockdowns work.  Maybe if we do it earlier we can stop it getting to that stage.

[Pen]

49 minutes ago, StellaM said:

 

OMG that's bad. Really bad. 

 

Yeah— Important to know, and really bad.  

Don’t know if the sample is representative at all because so small, but percent mentioned is high iirc. 

2 or 3 in 12 iirc?    (16 to 25% ?)

 

[Arcadia]

San Francisco unified school district https://www.sfusd.edu/services/health-wellness/nutrition-school-meals

“Free Meals Available During School Closure

Beginning March 17, SFUSD will provide free breakfast and lunch to all children 18 and younger.

18 sites will be open Monday through Friday 9-10 a.m. to pick-up breakfast, lunch, fresh fruit, vegetables and milk to take home.

No identification or proof of school enrollment is required, but a child must be present. Shelf-stable meals will also be available. Families will not need to enter the school building for pick-up.

Pick-Up Sites

View a map of pick-up sites or download a flier (translations available).”

[Ausmumof3]

Brazilian ambassador to the US has tested positive.  He is the fourth of the delegation now. 

[Arcadia]

My city had a power outage and people were worried about fridge/freezer food damage because they just bought more food to feed their kids since schools are closed for three weeks (I bolded part of the PSA)

“1,960 customers were affected by a power outage this evening due to mylar balloons in the overhead power lines. Please remember to tie or weigh your balloons down!”

[Pen]

Discussion of new rules and approach in UK among other things:

 

[vonfirmath]

7 hours ago, square_25 said:

That seems extremely unlikely, given what we've seen from Europe :-/. In a few weeks, hospitals will be full of cases and everyone will be even tenser. 

 

Yeah well I had someone tonight sit there and tell me that everything we are hearing from overseas is being fabricated, they have "sources" that tell them its not that bad over there. it's all fabricated to get us worked up.

 

[Pen]

There are a lot of jokes and memes about how normal sick people lie in bed feeling sick, while CV19 people go socializing and traveling far and wide (and skiing seems to be big).

I wonder though if there isn’t some very real unusual sickness phenomenon where it affects some people perhaps  hepping them up  in some early stages of the more drawn out cases, perhaps especially in the younger people with it, , and maybe negatively affects clear thinking.  

Maybe even if one can attribute an idea like “strategy” to a virus it is a strategy to get infected hosts to better distribute the virus. 

Like zombie ant fungus, a bit perhaps?

Just musing. 

[Pen]

3 minutes ago, Seasider too said:

 

How about regular old mail pieces?  Think we need gloves for the mailbox?

 

No. 

I think if skin is intact virus won’t penetrate skin.  

Possibly for unnecessary envelopes, if there’s no reason to prove postmark or some such, it would be prudent to open mail immediately. Throw out envelopes (perhaps even outside or in an apartment lobby, and if weather and home set up permits ) and then wash hands. 

[Ausmumof3]

4 minutes ago, Pen said:

There are a lot of jokes and memes about how normal sick people lie in bed feeling sick, while CV19 people go socializing and traveling far and wide (and skiing seems to be big).

I wonder though if there isn’t some very real unusual sickness phenomenon where it affects some people perhaps  hepping them up  in some early stages of the more drawn out cases, perhaps especially in the younger people with it, , and maybe negatively affects clear thinking.  

Maybe even if one can attribute an idea like “strategy” to a virus it is a strategy to get infected hosts to better distribute the virus. 

Like zombie ant fungus, a bit perhaps?

Just musing. 

There’s some theory like this about flu someone did a study on.  I don’t know if anyone did any follow up study though.

[Pen]

25 minutes ago, vonfirmath said:

 

Yeah well I had someone tonight sit there and tell me that everything we are hearing from overseas is being fabricated, they have "sources" that tell them its not that bad over there. it's all fabricated to get us worked up.

 

 

🙄

[Ausmumof3]

I keep wondering about the hazmat suits.  On the one hand the virus can’t get through protecting the person inside.  On the other hand we know the virus loves longer on plastic than natural fibres.  Could that help spread it around outside the person wearing it.  And I don’t know how latex compares.  I know there are antibacterial buttons for lifts but i don’t know about antiviral due to the smaller size?  Anyone know more?

[Pen]

49 minutes ago, Ausmumof3 said:

Brazilian ambassador to the US has tested positive.  He is the fourth of the delegation now. 

 

Fourth or third?

[Ausmumof3]

12 minutes ago, Seasider too said:

 

How about regular old mail pieces?  Think we need gloves for the mailbox?

I reckon you just need to not touch your face and wash your hands once you get inside.

[Ausmumof3]

Just now, Pen said:

 

Fourth or third?

Hmm BNO had fourth but I didn’t check their source.